mining beneficiation

Mining may be the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam. The word also includes removing soil. Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, rock salt and potash. Any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially inside a laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining inside a wider sense comprises extraction of any non-renewable resource (e.g., petroleum, gas, or even water).

Mining of stone and metal continues to be done since pre-historic times. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials and lastly reclamation of the land to prepare it for other uses once the mine is closed. gold ore beneficiation

The nature of mining processes results in a potential negative impact on environmental surroundings both during the mining operations and for years following the mine is closed. This impact has led to most of the world's nations adopting regulations to moderate the unwanted effects of mining operations. Safety has long been a concern too, though modern practices have improved safety in mines significantly. mirror iron ore beneficiation

The procedure for mining from discovery of an ore body through extraction of minerals and finally to returning the land to its natural state includes several distinct steps. The first is discovery from the ore body, that is carried out through prospecting or exploration to find after which define the extent, location and value of the ore body. This leads to a mathematical resource estimation to estimate the size and grade from the deposit.

This estimation can be used to conduct a pre-feasibility study to look for the theoretical economics of the ore deposit. This identifies, in early stages, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work. The next step is to conduct a feasibility study to evaluate the financial viability, technical and financial risks and robustness of the project.

This is when the mining company makes the decision to develop the mine in order to leave behind the project. This includes mine likely to assess the economically recoverable part of the deposit, the metallurgy and ore recoverability, marketability and payability from the ore concentrates, engineering concerns, milling and infrastructure costs, finance and equity requirements and an research into the proposed mine from the initial excavation all the way through to reclamation. The proportion of the deposit that is economically recoverable would depend on the enrichment factor of the ore in the area. molybdenum ore beneficiation

Once the analysis determines confirmed ore is worth recovering, development starts to create use of the ore body. The mine buildings and processing plants are built and any necessary equipment is obtained. The whole process of the mine to recuperate the ore begins and continues so long as the organization operating the mine finds it economical to do so. Once all of the ore the mine can produce profitably is recovered, reclamation starts to make the land utilized by the mine ideal for future use.

gold ore mining processing

Winning the Metals
Digging ore from the earth is only half the battle. The processing of the ore is often just as challenging and expensive, which takes place in refineries, smelters and mills. quartz powder plant

While the inside of a mill seems to be a very baffling maze of tanks, pipes, pumps, conveyors, motors, chemicals, pulps and solutions to the visitor, this seeming confusion is actually a carefully designed system constructed for only one objective and purpose - to recover the valuable minerals which are locked up in the ore. mineral beneficiation plant

The end product from a mill is called a concentrate, or a doré bar of the metal itself in the case of gold and silver.

All milling and concentrating processes begin with a grinding and crushing stage, which most of the time represents most of the total cost of processing the ore.

Ore minerals are generally found within and among grains of other minerals of ore or relatively gangue minerals which are worthless. This fact makes the processing of some ores more complicated than others.

For example, to the metallurgical engineer, a complex sulphide ore containing microscopic particles of sphalerite within small blebs of galena or other sulphides presents a special challenge, in other words, to design a milling process that will liberate these different constituents from each other as economically and cleanly as possible so that each may be recovered.

Nitric acid is regenerated and recycled to the process. Chemical oxidation with acid nitric works at atmospherical pressure, 90 ^oC, and residence time of 1 to 2 hours into the reactor.

The process makes a high oxidation of iron, sulphur, arsenic, antimony, and any type of sulphide material present. marble grinding machine

The main advantages are: to work under atmospherical pressure, to employ air instead oxygen, good recoveries of silver, and to promote formation of iron arsenate into the solution.

Also, there are disadvantages such as reuse calcium nitrate, formation of elemental sulphur and its interference during cyanidation. With the years have been implemented a step called Hot-Lime which destroys or dissolves sulphur. This step must be carried out before cyanidation. Finally, it is necessary a good recovery of condensation water and a careful water balance in order to get optimum results.

The type of grinding mill is identified by the type of grinding media utilized. Each type of mill has characteristics that adapt it to certain grinding applications. The operational characteristics of each mill type must be evaluated in relation to the objectives of the grinding requirements being studied in order to select the optimum mill. The common mill types are discussed in the following sections.

The type of grinding mill is identified by the type of grinding media utilized. Each type of mill has characteristics that adapt it to certain grinding applications. The operational characteristics of each mill type must be evaluated in relation to the objectives of the grinding requirements being studied in order to select the optimum mill. The common mill types are discussed in the following sections.

Rod mills can accept feed up to approximately 2” diameter and generally are selected to grind product to the – 4 mesh to – 35 mesh range. Grinding actions is by line contact between rods extending the length of the mill. Rods tumble and spin in roughly parallel alignment and in so doing simulate the crushing and grinding action from a series of roll crushers. Large particles spread the ends of rods and is so doing impart an additional action termed scissoring. These actions result in preferential grinding of coarse material and a minimum production of slimes and excessively large material termed tramp oversize. A relatively uniform sized product is produced. Due to the nature of the grinding action, rod mills can sometimes advantageously replace the fine crushing of damp or sticky material that tends to coat the faces of crushing surfaces. Rod mills can produce a final product on sand brick, lime, or coke breeze where the feed contains low moisture and is often ground dry. In the metal mining industry most rod mill applications involve wet grinding were material is reduced in size from crusher product size to a size suitable for ball millfeed. Rod milling in the size range utilized is more efficient than ball milling in that the desired product is obtained at a lower cost per ton.

sand river stone mining equipment crusher griniding mill machines

Tara lead and zinc mine is located at Navan, County Meath, approximately 50km northwest of Dublin. The mine opened in 1977, was acquired by Outokumpu in 1986 and in January 2004 was transferred to New Boliden as part of an asset exchange between the two Nordic companies. Placed on care-and-maintenance in 2001 on account of high production costs, Tara was restarted in 2003 and produced 2.55Mt of ore, the highest tonnage since 1995. It is the largest zinc mine in Europe, and ranks fifth in the world. Some of the output is delivered to Boliden’s Odda and Kokkola zinc refineries, both formerly owned by Outokumpu, and the remainder goes to European customers.

sand river stone crushing

GEOLOGY AND RESERVES

The Navan orebody consists of several strata-bound, southwest-dipping, faulted lenses hosted in Lower Carboniferous limestones. Ore horizons commonly display irregular assay outlines and vary from a few metres thick to several tens of metres.

As of January 2006, reserves were 3.4Mt at 9.2% zinc and 2.0% lead proven and 12.3Mt probable with 8.5% Zn and 1.8% Pb. Measured resources totalled 1.1Mt. grading 7.1% Zn and 2.8% Pb. In addition, the Nevinstown (Bula) orebody, northwest of Tara, contains 8Mt grading 10% Zn and 2% Pb, raising the overall resource to approximately 40Mt. Boliden expects further exploration to raise ore tonnage sufficiently to guarantee a mine life of ten years.

UNDERGROUND MINING

Tara uses underground trackless mining, supported by one production and one service shaft, and an access decline from surface. The use of specifically tailored, state-of-the-art, remote-control technology and computerised systems is maximised, and the mine has developed a crusher/conveyor network to simplify handling ore obtained from a progressively larger area underground. silica sand stone crushing plant

Mining methods have varied in the past but, currently, variations of blast hole open stoping with drawpoints located in footwall ore are used and involve substantial use of remote-controlled Tamrock (now Sandvik) load-haul-dump (LHD) equipment. Pillar extraction is usually carried out using similar methods between cemented, hydraulically placed fill walls consisting of mill tailings. Tamrock 50D trucks are used for ore haulage underground with Normet utility vehicles, and New Boliden has also recently begun introducing some Atlas Copco equipment. Communications underground are provided by a Motorola mobile radio system.

"Boliden expects further exploration to raise ore tonnage sufficiently to guarantee a mine life of ten years."

Production is currently targeted from 60 stopes/pillars with a lateral development schedule of 15km/y. Approximately 1.3Mt/y of backfill are placed.

Over the last few years Tara has moved into areas of much lower average thickness (3–20m). If the ore is thick, blind upholes are used and the stope mined from the footwall drift, with inclined room-and-pillar and/or longitudinal longhole stoping used in thinner areas. sand making process

ORE PROCESSING

Four underground crushers are equipped with a hydraulic rockbreaker over a crusher pocket. One operator controls and monitors the operation of the crushers, together with the associated conveyors, the tramp metal magnet and conveyor transfer points.

On surface, run-of-mine ore is fed to the secondary and tertiary crushers, then ground by open-circuit rod milling followed by closed-circuit ball milling. The ground product passes to flotation circuits for lead recovery, followed by zinc. The flotation circuit includes 18 Outomec OK-38 and eleven OK-8 cells. Each concentrate is dewatered by thickening and subsequent vacuum filtration. The filter cakes are dried in oil-fired rotary drum dryers to reduce moisture content to levels suitable for shipment.

Since the ore at Tara is metallurgically simple, only one concentration process is needed and all process water can be recirculated. All water from the mine is pumped into settling ponds, and excess water is discharged after acidity has been neutralised with lime.

PRODUCTION

In 2005 Tara mined 2.55Mt of ore grading 8.4% zinc and 1.6% lead, and recovered 358,563t of 54.6% zinc concentrate plus 44,528t of lead concentrate grading 57.6% Pb. The contained metal tonnages were 195,843t of zinc and 26,653t of lead.

ENVIRONMENT

Outokumpu instituted a Total Mine Management principle of integration at Tara and also commenced a research programme into ‘wasteless mining’. Boliden continues to minimise adverse impacts on the environment

More information at http://www.rockscrusher.com/solution/

Quarry & Mining Equipment - Underground and Surface Mining Equipment, Rebuilds and Spare Parts

Quarry & Mining Equipment is a world leader in supplying top-quality remanufactured LHD scooptrams and drilling equipment to the mining industry worldwide. Our aim is to supply a customer service of reliability and satisfaction.

Our 15,000ft² rebuild facility is located on the east coast of Ireland near Navan, Co. Meath and has been in operation since 1985. Throughout this time Quarry & Mining Equipment Ltd. has built a solid reputation for top-quality standards in remanufacturing and customer support.

Underground and surface mining equipment

Quarry & Mining Equipment have supplied underground and surface mining equipment such names as:

• Angelsey Mining (United Kingdom)
• Campbell Resources (Panama)
• Continential Ara Mine (France)
• Galmoy Mines Ltd. (Ireland)
• Northgate Exploration (NWT Canada)
• Tara Mines Ltd. (Ireland)
• The Lisheen Mine (Ireland)
• TVX Gold (Greece)
• Whim Creek Consolidation (Australia)
• Roadstone Ltd. (Ireland)

Rebuilt LHD scooptrams and drilling equipment

Quarry & Mining Equipment Ltd. is a world leader in supplying top-quality remanufactured LHD scooptrams and drilling equipment to the mining industry worldwide. Our range of scooptrams, drills, personnel carriers and utility vehicles contains machinery from all the world-class manufacturers such as Toro, Sandvik Tamrock, Atlas Copco, Wagner and Normet. Our range includes such machinery as

• Toro 400D / 500D / 501D / 650D
• Sandvik Tamrock 606RHA / 205HS / 206 / Cabolt
• Atlas Copco 3350
• Normet 6605B

Transmission, differential, converter and driveline component rebuild

QME Component Rebuild, a subsidiary of Quarry & Mining Equipment Ltd. supplies heavy-duty transmissions, differentials, converters and drivelines. Such items include (not all listed here):

• Clark-Hurth 5400 Series transmission
• Clark-Hurth 8800 Series transmission
• Clark-Hurth 28000 Series transmission
• Clark-Hurth 32000 Series transmission
• Clark-Hurth MHR33000 Series transmission
• Clark-Hurth T12000 Series transmission
• 19-D and 21-D planetary drive axles
• Clark-Hurth C-5000, C8000, CL8000 Series converter

Quarry & Mining Equipment service and personnel

At Quarry & Mining Equipment Ltd. we give you a quality of service through our experienced and highly motivated team that ensures up to date standards. All aspects of repair and remanufacture are conducted in house by our team of service engineers, which includes coded welders, fitter turners, plant fitters, electricians, instrumentation technicians and support staff.

Each team member has in excess of ten years underground working experience both in Ireland and overseas especially on the North American continent. Not only do we conduct top-quality remanufacturing of all the world-renowned manufacturers, we also provide a service for modifications to this machinery, modification specifications that comply with European CE standards and international ISO standards.

Supply of original spare parts

At Quarry & Mining Equipment Ltd. all spare parts are sourced from the primary manufacturer and therefore conform to the highest standards available to the industry. We are able to supply original spare parts at the keenest prices and deliver to our worldwide customers in a minimum timeframe. We also offer remanufacture of component parts such as

• Clark-Hurth transmissions
• Clark-Hurth convertors
• Clark-Hurth axles

Purchase or hire quarry and mining machinery

Quarry & Mining Equipment Ltd. offers a facility to purchase or hire any of the machinery on our current equipment listings.

Technological future

With the upturn in mineral prices worldwide and the opening of previously inaccessible markets, Quarry & Mining Equipment Ltd. is looking to a bright and vibrant future. We are ever keeping pace with technologic expansions to mining equipment by investing in continuous retraining programmes of our staff. Our customer support programme is in constant review and renewal as the discerning customer would appreciate. screw conveyor

Contract mining projects

The mining division of QME has been developed to undertake contract mining projects in both Ireland and abroad. The current equipment fleet consists of development drilling jumbos, longhole drills, bolting rigs, shotcrete sprayers, emulsion charging units, a variety of scooptrams and haulage trucks, service and utility vehicles.

The mining division employs a team of highly experienced operations managers, underground supervisors, miners, fitters and electricians. Our personnel are currently engaged in a 7,000m development drifting program at New Boliden Tara Mines, Navan, Ireland. screw sand washing machine

In addition to developing contract mining operations, we undertake service installation and construction projects and production mining programs. The mining division will give due consideration to any and all mining operations proposed by potential clients.

Zondereinde Mine, South Africa

The Zondereinde mine is an underground operation located in Limpopo Province, South Africa. It is adjacent to the Amandelbult mine owned by Anglo Platinum.

The mine consists of two reefs namely the Merensky reef and the UG2 reef, and is spread over 625ha with a strike length of 8km. It is 100% owned by Northam Platinum Limited. sand making production line

The mine primarily produces platinum, palladium, rhodium and gold. It has an estimated life of 18 years.

Operations at the mine were halted in July 2010 when 5,000 miners went on strike following an accident that led to two deaths. The one-and-a-half month strike resulted in a loss of R380m to the company. Operations resumed on 19 October 2010.

Reserves

The Zondereinde mine holds 9.2Moz of reserves and 30.1Moz of resources. The total proven and probable reserves at the Merensky reef are 18.43mt graded at 5.57g/t 3PGE (platinum, palladium and rhodium) +Au.

The UG2 reef contains 43.63mt of proven and probable reserves graded at 4.6g/t 3PGE+Au. The total measured, indicated and inferred resources at the Merensky and UG2 reefs are estimated to be 71.55mt and 89.14mt respectively with grades of 6.96g/t 3PGE+Au and 4.91g/t 3PGE+Au respectively.

Geology

The mine lies within the northern section of the western limb of the Bushveld sequence. Both the Merensky and UG2 reefs are well-developed narrow tabular ore bodies. Lateral continuity is well established across the mine lease area.

"The mine lies within the northern section of the western limb of the Bushveld sequence."

The Merensky reef includes two sub-facies including the normal reef sub-facies and the local pothole sub-facies.

The local pothole sub-facies is further segmented into three different types of reef the NP2 reef, P2 reef and the footwall P2 (FWP2) reef. Among the three reefs, the footwall P2 (FWP2) reef has been historically considered to be un-mineable. stone production plant

The UG2 reef hosted between 20m and 40m below the Merensky reef has more consistent features.

As the reef disturbances in UG2 are insignificant it is not segmented into multiple facies units. The UG2 reef comprises three layers of chromitite that are separated by a 15cm thick pyroxenite. The primary member is approximately 80cm thick while the other leading members are on an average 20cm thick.

Mining

Typical drill and blast narrow tabular reef mining techniques are used at Zondereinde underground mining. A conventional breast mining layout is implemented.

A vertical distance of 63m is maintained between the levels, resulting in a raise length of 180m due to the 200 dip of the ore body. Six panels of 30m are created for every raised connection.

Through the strike gullies that incline at 10° above strike, the ore is transported to three ore-passes handled via a dip gully. The ore-passes are attached with radial-door control chutes. Battery powered electric locomotives that pull spans of eight hoppers, transport the broken ore to the main shaft.

"The mine consists of two reefs namely the Merensky reef and the UG2 reef."

To provide access to the underground workings, a twin shaft system is placed at depths ranging from 1,294m to 2,112m. The No 1 shaft has a diameter of 8.5m and continues to 12 levels. The second 9.15m diameter shaft extends to eight levels.

The shafts are 90m apart and are connected at an intermediate pump chamber at a depth of 1,019m and also at levels 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Access below the 12th level is provided through a decline that is equipped with a conveyor belt system.

The rock handling facilities are separate for the Merensky and UG2 reefs. Mining activities are carried out using hydro-powered equipment including rock drills and high pressure waterjets along with electric scraper winches.

Processing

Processing of both Merensky and UG2 ores is carried out in separate plants designed to process sulphide ores. It involves a four-stage beneficiation process. The concentrates produced from the plants are blended in the feed tank in a slurry form.

It is then filtered and dried at the smelter. The granulated converter matte is delivered to the base metals removal (BMR) plant. In the BMR plant, the nickel and copper cathodes are separated from the high grade PGM concentrate. The final crystalline nickel sulphate and copper cathode are delivered to the local customers.

Chile's Codelco to invest $16bn 2011-2015

SANTIAGO - Chile's state copper giant Codelco will invest over $16-billion between 2011-2015 and expects copper prices to remain strong in the long-term, the miner said on Thursday. Sand Making Machine

CEO Diego Hernandez said he expected copper demand from top consumer China to remain strong, and forecast tight supply in 2011 and 2012 would underpin prices.

"We think supply and demand should remain tight this year and next," Hernandez said. "We think prices will be pressured higher this year and next.

"As Chinese urbanization continues in the coming years, and everything indicates it will, demand for copper will remain at the levels we have seen."

Hernandez said the company would invest a record $3.2 billion in 2011 and will step up investment further in 2012-2013. He said the company was increasing investment in exploration, and was eyeing exploration projects in Brazil and Ecuador. Salt Crusher

He said Codelco could issue between $500 million and $700 million in debt or recapitalize profits in 2011, but said the state giant's debt levels should remain below $9 billion for it to hold on to its investment grade.

marble crusher stone

The character of marble stone:
1. Stable physical properties, the material is stable and can ensure the long-term deformation, anti-rust, anti-magnetic and insulating. Marble stone resources are widely distributed, especially in European and Asian, which facilitate large-scale mining and industrial processing.
2. Marble stone is an ideal material used as Interior decoration.
3. Marble stone is a kind of Metamorphic rock, its Mohs hardness is from 2.5 to 5.
Industrial use of marble stone:
1. Except use as marble slabs and marble tiles the main application of marble stone is to get calcium carbonate and lightweight architectural aggregate by using marble crusher.
2. Colorless or light-colored marble stone is the ideal source for calcium carbonate, which is used in many industries. Finely ground marble or calcium carbonate powder is in paper making industry, and in consumer products such as toothpaste, plastics, and paints.

Though ground calcium carbonate can be made from limestone, chalk, and marble, three-quarters of the ground calcium carbonate is made from marble.
3. Calcium carbonate can also be reduced under high heat to calcium oxide (also known as "lime stone"), which has many applications including being a primary component of many forms of cement.

Marble stone property
Composition:calcite, limestone, dolomite or serpentine,
Functional use: The gravel and odd bits generated in the process of marble stone mining with marble crusher, are used in the production of artificial stone, terrazzo, rock flour, the materials produced by marble crusher can also be used as filler in coating industry, plastics industry and rubber industry

Marble processing line
Marble production line mainly process marble used in paper making industry and consumer products. Marble crusher is the key equipment in this processing line, because marble crusher decides the size of the final products. Usually, if you want marble powder, marble grinding machine will helps to you get the right marble products. Different industries have different requirement to the size, shape of the marble and design plan of marble production line is needed.
The processing line of marble production roughly includes hopper -> vibrating feeder -> jaw crusher(primary marble crusher) -> impact crusher(secondary marble crusher) -> vibrating screen -> conveyor-> finished stone->marble grinding machine->final marble powder. Chute or belt conveyor is needed between the mining equipment.

Marble crusher
Marble crusher is the stone crusher that can process marble with excellent performance. As a major mining equipment company, we are a world class mining processing equipment manufacturer, the mining products such as marble crusher is of stable performance, high quality and low price. Shanghai Jianye will be a good mining equipment supplier in future, and marble crusher must be our star crusher machine. For marble stone mine owners, when you produce the dimension stone use mining products , the gravel and odd bits generated by mining processing equipment can be crushed by our marble crusher such as jaw crusher, impact crusher, cone crusher, etc.

Marble grinding machine
Marble grinding machine is the grinding machine designed especially for marble grinding. The marble grinding machine is usually used with marble crusher, which can provide the right marble products our industry needs. Shanghai Jianye marble grinding machine is widely used in building materials, chemical, medicine, fire proof materials, painting materials and paper making industry. Shanghai Jianye marble grinding machine includes high pressure marble grinding machine, Raymond marble grinding machine, ultrafine marble grinding machine.

Shanghai Jianye marble crusher and marble grinding machine features:
1. High quality. With the excellent structure our experts designed, Shanghai Jianye marble crusher and marble grinding machine has better quality and higher capacity than other marble mining equipment.
2. Excellent final product shape. Shanghai Jianye marble crusher can process the marble stone with cubical shape and less foliated structure.
3. Great reliability. All our marble crusher and grinding machine are equipped with self-protecting device.
4. Widely applied. Shanghai Jianye marble crusher and marble grinding machine can be widely used in any industry that need stone crushing and grinding.
Shanghai Jianye Supply: Grinding Mill, Micro-Powder Mill, Jaw Crusher, Impact Crusher, Cone Crusher, VSI Crusher, Sand Making Machine, Sand Washer, Vibrating Feeder, Vibrating Screen, Belt Conveyor.